[SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression]. / SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. RESULTS: Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis [MS], neuromyelitis optica [NMODS], myasthenia gravis [MG]), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión / SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression

Antecedentes: No es claro si los pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión tienen peores desenlaces en la infección por SARS-CoV-2, en comparación con la población sana. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión narrativa de la información disponible sobre infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, especialmente pacientes con cáncer, trasplantados, con patologías neurológicas, inmunodeficiencias primarias y secundarias. Resultados: Los pacientes con cáncer y tratamiento reciente del mismo (quimioterapia o cirugía) e infección por SARS-CoV-2 tienen mayor riesgo de peores desenlaces. En los pacientes trasplantados (renal, cardiaco y hepático), con patologías neurológicas (esclerosis múltiple [EM], neuromielitis óptica [NMODS], miastenia grave [MG]), inmunodeficiencias primarias e infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en asociación con uso de inmunosupresores, los estudios no han mostrado tendencia a peores desenlaces. Conclusión: Dada la poca evidencia con que contamos hasta el momento no es claro el comportamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con inmunosupresión, pero los estudios actuales no han mostrado peores desenlaces en este tipo de pacientes, a excepción de los pacientes con cáncer.(AU)

Background: It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. Objective: To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Results: Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis [MS], neuromyelitis optica [NMODS], myasthenia gravis [MG]), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. Conclusion: Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer.(AU)

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in patients with some degree of immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. RESULTS: Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMODS), myasthenia gravis (MG)), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión / SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in patients with some degree of immunosuppression

ANTECEDENTES: No es claro si los pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión tienen peores desenlaces en la infección por SARS-CoV-2, en comparación con la población sana. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión narrativa de la información disponible sobre infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, especialmente pacientes con cáncer, trasplantados, con patologías neurológicas, inmunodeficiencias primarias y secundarias. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con cáncer y tratamiento reciente del mismo (quimioterapia o cirugía) e infección por SARS-CoV-2 tienen mayor riesgo de peores desenlaces. En los pacientes trasplantados (renal, cardiaco y hepático), con patologías neurológicas (esclerosis múltiple [EM], neuromielitis óptica [NMODS], miastenia grave [MG]), inmunodeficiencias primarias e infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en asociación con uso de inmunosupresores, los estudios no han mostrado tendencia a peores desenlaces. CONCLUSIÓN: Dada la poca evidencia con que contamos hasta el momento no es claro el comportamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con inmunosupresión, pero los estudios actuales no han mostrado peores desenlaces en este tipo de pacientes, a excepción de los pacientes con cáncer

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. RESULTS: Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis [MS], neuromyelitis optica [NMODS], myasthenia gravis [MG]), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer

Comparative evaluation of the physical properties of a reinforced glass ionomer dental restorative material.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: While glass ionomer cements have many unique properties and advantages, they still lack favorable mechanical properties. EQUIA Forte Fil is a newly developed glass ionomer cement (GIC) with improved mechanical strength. However, research and data on the physical properties of EQUIA Forte Fil are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the compressive, diametral tensile, and flexural strengths of EQUIA Forte Fil with Fuji IX GP and ChemFil Rock, restorative GICs commonly used in dentistry. Moreover, fluoride-releasing properties and surface hardness of the GICs were also assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten disk-shaped specimens of each GIC (EQUIA Forte Fil, Fuji IX GP, and ChemFil Rock) were fabricated for mechanical and surface hardness tests by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds. The specimens were tested after 24 hours and 7 days of immersion in distilled water at 37 °C. By using a mechanical testing machine, the compressive, diametral tensile, and flexural strengths of each GIC were measured. Fluoride-releasing properties were also evaluated (10 specimens per group). A microhardness tester was used to measure the surface hardness. The mean data were analyzed by using 1- and 2-way ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS: EQUIA Forte Fil glass ionomer cements exhibited significantly greater (P<.05) flexural strength and surface hardness than Fuji IX GIC specimens. However, no significant difference (P>.05) was observed between the compressive and diametral tensile strength of EQUIA Forte Fil and Fuji IX GIC specimens. ChemFil Rock exhibited higher flexural strength than EQUIA Forte Fil (P>.05) but significantly lower compressive strength and microhardness (P<.05). Tested GICs matured after 1 week of immersion in distilled water, demonstrating a significant improvement in their mechanical properties. All the examined glass ionomers exhibited comparable initial fluoride-releasing properties, whereas EQUIA Forte Fil exhibited significantly higher (P<.05) amounts of fluoride release from the bulk of the material after 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: EQUIA Forte Fil is a promising restorative material with superior flexural strength and surface hardness compared with its predecessor, Fuji IX GP, or other commercially available glass ionomers.

Standardization of DNA Residual Quantification Method of Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine for Human Use.

OBJECTIVES: Normalize the quantification of residual DNA from Vero cells in the rabies vaccine for use in human VAHV I, by quantitative PCR in real time and the design of primers that amplified, highly repetitive sequences of Cercopithecus aethiops and a constitutive gene according to sequences reported in the GenBank and quantifying the residual DNA in the vaccine VAHV I in three consecutive batches according to the standard set by the World Health Organization. METHODS: A real time quantitative method based on SYBR Green chemistry has been applied for the quantification of residual DNA (resDNA) using highly repetitive DNA (Alu) and a housekeeping gene (B-actin) as target sequences. RESULTS: The sensitivity achieved with this white sequence is within the reported limits and who are between 5 and 50 pg. For real time PCR optimization with Alu-p53, different concentrations of MgCl2 (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 mm) in combination with three different concentrations of primers (75, 100 and 150nM) were used. pDNA in concentration of 1x107 copies / ul was used as template. Optimal concentrations were 1.25 mM MgCl2 and 100nM primers. To level of detection of 1.53 ng/ul was found for p53-Alu and Alu-Glob and 0.39 ng/ul for B-actin with gDNA curves. CONCLUSION: Quantification of resDNA of vaccine VAHV I with close-ups of B-actin was normalized. Reached a sensitivity of 30 pg of resDNA/dose VAHV I, with close-ups of B-actin. Found, in three consecutive batches, an amount less than 10 ng/dose, these results suggest that the production process ensures vaccine resDNA removal, meeting international requirements for biological products for use in humans that use continuous cell lines for production.

Addressing Disease-Related Malnutrition in Healthcare: A Latin American Perspective.

Alarmingly high rates of disease-related malnutrition have persisted in hospitals of both emerging and industrialized nations over the past 2 decades, despite marked advances in medical care over this same interval. In Latin American hospitals, the numbers are particularly striking; disease-related malnutrition has been reported in nearly 50% of adult patients in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Uruguay. The tolls of disease-related malnutrition are high in both human and financial terms-increased infectious complications, higher incidence of pressure ulcers, longer hospital stays, more frequent readmissions, greater costs of care, and increased risk of death. In an effort to draw attention to malnutrition in Latin American healthcare, a feedM.E. Latin American Study Group was formed to extend the reach and support the educational efforts of the feedM.E. Global Study Group. In this article, the feedM.E. Latin American Study Group shows that malnutrition incurs excessive costs to the healthcare systems, and the study group also presents evidence of how appropriate nutrition care can improve patients' clinical outcomes and lower healthcare costs. To achieve the benefits of nutrition for health throughout Latin America, the article presents feedM.E.'s simple and effective Nutrition Care Pathway in English and Spanish as a way to facilitate its use.

Esclerosis múltiple y embarazo / Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy

La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa común en poblaciones jóvenes en edad reproductiva; el embarazo ha sido motivo de controversia, dada la necesidad de manejo farmacológico, el riesgo de recaídas y la discapacidad resultante. Los estudios son escasos, aunque la mayoría aporta datos confiables.Objetivos: Ofrecer al médico una adecuada orientación preconcepcional y durante el embarazo en pacientes con esta enfermedad, así como una adecuada información acerca del uso de medicamentos y sus efectos a corto y largo plazo, tanto en la madre como en el feto.Materiales y métodos: Para la revisión de la literatura se estructuró una estrategia de búsqueda utilizando los términos embarazo, esclerosis múltiple, tratamientos inmunomoduladores y efectos teratogénicos (MeSH y no MeSH), los cuales se articularon con operadores booleanos en las siguientes bases de datos: Pubmed, Ebscohost y Embase, filtrando los resultados por artículos de revisión.Discusión: Se analizan el efecto protector del embarazo en esclerosis múltiple y la administración de vitamina D.Conclusión: Aunque no hay evidencia suficiente sobre el efecto nocivo del tratamiento en el recién nacido, se recomienda suspenderlo.

Multiple sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease commonly affecting young adults of fertile age. Pregnancy has been a subject of controversy given that pharmacological management is required, there is a risk of relapses, and it may be disabling. Studies on the topic are scarce, although most of them report reliable data.Objective: To provide the physician with adequate preconception and pregnancy care guidelines for this disease, as well as, adequate information about medications and their effects in the short and long-term, for the mother and the foetus.Materials and methods: A search strategy was created for reviewing the literature, using the terms, pregnancy, multiple sclerosis, immunomodulatory therapies and teratogenic effects (MeSH and not MeSH), which were articulated with Boolean operators in the following databases: Pubmed, Ebscohost and Embase, filtering the results by review article.Discussion: The protective effects of pregnancy on multiple sclerosis were evaluated, as well as, vitamin D administration.Conclusion: Although there is not enough evidence on the harmful effects of treatment on the newborn, discontinuing the treatment is recommended.

Movimientos anormales y embarazo / Abnormal movements and pregnancy

Los movimientos anormales corresponden a una de las patologías neurológicas que con menor frecuencia se presentan durante el embarazo. A excepción del temblor esencial y el síndrome de piernas inquietas, los demás son raros. Los estudios en este grupo de pacientes son escasos y antiguos dada la baja prevalencia. Se busca con este artículo dar a conocer al personal médico en general las características clínicas de patologías como la corea gravidarum, la distonía y la enfermedad de Huntington entre otros, y su relación con el embrazo, la frecuencia y las opciones adecuadas de tratamiento, dada la susceptibilidad de las pacientes y el alto riesgo de efectos adversos en el feto con sus respectivas complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. Para la revisión de la literatura se estructuró una estrategia de búsqueda utilizando los términos movimientos anormales, embarazo, corea gravidarum, síndrome de piernas inquietas, distonía, enfermedad de Parkison (MeSH y no Mesh), los cuales se articularon con operadores booleanos en las siguientes bases de datos: pubmed, ebscohost y embase, filtrando los resultados por artículos de revisión.

Abnormal movements are one of the rare neurological conditions that present during pregnancy. With the exception of essential tremor and restless legs syndrome, the rest are rare. Studies on this patient group are limited and old, given the low prevalence. With this article, it is sought to provide information to general medical professionals on the clinical characteristics of diseases including, among others, chorea gravidarum, dystonia, and Huntington's disease, as well as their relationship with pregnancy, their frequency, and appropriate treatment options, given the susceptibility of the patients and the high risk of adverse effects in the foetus with their respective short and long-term complications. A structured strategy was employed for the review of the literature, using the terms, abnormal movements, pregnancy, chorea gravidarum, restless legs syndrome, dystonia, Parkinson's disease (MeSH and non-MeSH), which were formulated with Boolean operators in the following data bases: PubMed, EBSCOhost and Embase, filtering the results for review articles.

Evaluation of monkeypox virus infection of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) using in vivo bioluminescent imaging.

Monkeypox (MPX) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that is endemic in Central and West Africa, where it can cause a smallpox-like disease in humans. Despite many epidemiologic and field investigations of MPX, no definitive reservoir species has been identified. Using recombinant viruses expressing the firefly luciferase (luc) gene, we previously demonstrated the suitability of in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to study the pathogenesis of MPX in animal models. Here, we evaluated BLI as a novel approach for tracking MPX virus infection in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs were affected during a multistate outbreak of MPX in the US in 2003 and have since been used as an animal model of this disease. Our BLI results were compared with PCR and virus isolation from tissues collected postmortem. Virus was easily detected and quantified in skin and superficial tissues by BLI before and during clinical phases, as well as in subclinical secondary cases, but was not reliably detected in deep tissues such as the lung. Although there are limitations to viral detection in larger wild rodent species, BLI can enhance the use of prairie dogs as an animal model of MPX and can be used for the study of infection, disease progression, and transmission in potential wild rodent reservoirs.